tempfile — Generate temporary files and directories
This module generates temporary files and directories. It works on all
supported platforms.
In version 2.3 of Python, this module was overhauled for enhanced security. It
now provides three new functions, NamedTemporaryFile(), mkstemp(),
and mkdtemp(), which should eliminate all remaining need to use the
insecure mktemp() function. Temporary file names created by this module
no longer contain the process ID; instead a string of six random characters is
used.
Also, all the user-callable functions now take additional arguments which
allow direct control over the location and name of temporary files. It is
no longer necessary to use the global tempdir and template variables.
To maintain backward compatibility, the argument order is somewhat odd; it
is recommended to use keyword arguments for clarity.
The module defines the following user-callable functions:
-
tempfile.TemporaryFile([mode='w+b'[, bufsize=-1[, suffix=''[, prefix='tmp'[, dir=None]]]]])
Return a file-like object that can be used as a temporary storage area.
The file is created using mkstemp(). It will be destroyed as soon
as it is closed (including an implicit close when the object is garbage
collected). Under Unix, the directory entry for the file is removed
immediately after the file is created. Other platforms do not support
this; your code should not rely on a temporary file created using this
function having or not having a visible name in the file system.
The mode parameter defaults to 'w+b' so that the file created can
be read and written without being closed. Binary mode is used so that it
behaves consistently on all platforms without regard for the data that is
stored. bufsize defaults to -1, meaning that the operating system
default is used.
The dir, prefix and suffix parameters are passed to mkstemp().
The returned object is a true file object on POSIX platforms. On other
platforms, it is a file-like object whose file attribute is the
underlying true file object. This file-like object can be used in a
with statement, just like a normal file.
-
tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile([mode='w+b'[, bufsize=-1[, suffix=''[, prefix='tmp'[, dir=None[, delete=True]]]]]])
This function operates exactly as TemporaryFile() does, except that
the file is guaranteed to have a visible name in the file system (on
Unix, the directory entry is not unlinked). That name can be retrieved
from the name member of the file object. Whether the name can be
used to open the file a second time, while the named temporary file is
still open, varies across platforms (it can be so used on Unix; it cannot
on Windows NT or later). If delete is true (the default), the file is
deleted as soon as it is closed.
The returned object is always a file-like object whose file
attribute is the underlying true file object. This file-like object can
be used in a with statement, just like a normal file.
New in version 2.3.
New in version 2.6: The delete parameter.
-
tempfile.SpooledTemporaryFile([max_size=0[, mode='w+b'[, bufsize=-1[, suffix=''[, prefix='tmp'[, dir=None]]]]]])
This function operates exactly as TemporaryFile() does, except that
data is spooled in memory until the file size exceeds max_size, or
until the file’s fileno() method is called, at which point the
contents are written to disk and operation proceeds as with
TemporaryFile().
The resulting file has one additional method, rollover(), which
causes the file to roll over to an on-disk file regardless of its size.
The returned object is a file-like object whose _file attribute
is either a StringIO object or a true file object, depending on
whether rollover() has been called. This file-like object can be
used in a with statement, just like a normal file.
New in version 2.6.
-
tempfile.mkstemp([suffix=''[, prefix='tmp'[, dir=None[, text=False]]]])
Creates a temporary file in the most secure manner possible. There are
no race conditions in the file’s creation, assuming that the platform
properly implements the os.O_EXCL flag for os.open(). The
file is readable and writable only by the creating user ID. If the
platform uses permission bits to indicate whether a file is executable,
the file is executable by no one. The file descriptor is not inherited
by child processes.
Unlike TemporaryFile(), the user of mkstemp() is responsible
for deleting the temporary file when done with it.
If suffix is specified, the file name will end with that suffix,
otherwise there will be no suffix. mkstemp() does not put a dot
between the file name and the suffix; if you need one, put it at the
beginning of suffix.
If prefix is specified, the file name will begin with that prefix;
otherwise, a default prefix is used.
If dir is specified, the file will be created in that directory;
otherwise, a default directory is used. The default directory is chosen
from a platform-dependent list, but the user of the application can
control the directory location by setting the TMPDIR, TEMP or TMP
environment variables. There is thus no guarantee that the generated
filename will have any nice properties, such as not requiring quoting
when passed to external commands via os.popen().
If text is specified, it indicates whether to open the file in binary
mode (the default) or text mode. On some platforms, this makes no
difference.
mkstemp() returns a tuple containing an OS-level handle to an open
file (as would be returned by os.open()) and the absolute pathname
of that file, in that order.
New in version 2.3.
-
tempfile.mkdtemp([suffix=''[, prefix='tmp'[, dir=None]]])
Creates a temporary directory in the most secure manner possible. There
are no race conditions in the directory’s creation. The directory is
readable, writable, and searchable only by the creating user ID.
The user of mkdtemp() is responsible for deleting the temporary
directory and its contents when done with it.
The prefix, suffix, and dir arguments are the same as for
mkstemp().
mkdtemp() returns the absolute pathname of the new directory.
New in version 2.3.
-
tempfile.mktemp([suffix=''[, prefix='tmp'[, dir=None]]])
Deprecated since version 2.3: Use mkstemp() instead.
Return an absolute pathname of a file that did not exist at the time the
call is made. The prefix, suffix, and dir arguments are the same
as for mkstemp().
Warning
Use of this function may introduce a security hole in your program.
By the time you get around to doing anything with the file name it
returns, someone else may have beaten you to the punch.
mktemp() usage can be replaced easily with
NamedTemporaryFile(), passing it the delete=False parameter:
>>> f = NamedTemporaryFile(delete=False)
>>> f
<open file '<fdopen>', mode 'w+b' at 0x384698>
>>> f.name
'/var/folders/5q/5qTPn6xq2RaWqk+1Ytw3-U+++TI/-Tmp-/tmpG7V1Y0'
>>> f.write("Hello World!\n")
>>> f.close()
>>> os.unlink(f.name)
>>> os.path.exists(f.name)
False
The module uses two global variables that tell it how to construct a
temporary name. They are initialized at the first call to any of the
functions above. The caller may change them, but this is discouraged; use
the appropriate function arguments, instead.
-
tempfile.tempdir
When set to a value other than None, this variable defines the
default value for the dir argument to all the functions defined in this
module.
If tempdir is unset or None at any call to any of the above
functions, Python searches a standard list of directories and sets
tempdir to the first one which the calling user can create files in.
The list is:
- The directory named by the TMPDIR environment variable.
- The directory named by the TEMP environment variable.
- The directory named by the TMP environment variable.
- A platform-specific location:
- On RiscOS, the directory named by the Wimp$ScrapDir environment
variable.
- On Windows, the directories C:\TEMP, C:\TMP,
\TEMP, and \TMP, in that order.
- On all other platforms, the directories /tmp, /var/tmp, and
/usr/tmp, in that order.
- As a last resort, the current working directory.
-
tempfile.gettempdir()
- Return the directory currently selected to create temporary files in. If
tempdir is not None, this simply returns its contents; otherwise,
the search described above is performed, and the result returned.
-
tempfile.template
Deprecated since version 2.0: Use gettempprefix() instead.
When set to a value other than None, this variable defines the prefix of the
final component of the filenames returned by mktemp(). A string of six
random letters and digits is appended to the prefix to make the filename unique.
The default prefix is tmp.
Older versions of this module used to require that template be set to
None after a call to os.fork(); this has not been necessary since
version 1.5.2.
-
tempfile.gettempprefix()
Return the filename prefix used to create temporary files. This does not
contain the directory component. Using this function is preferred over reading
the template variable directly.
New in version 1.5.2.
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