optparse — More powerful command line option parser¶New in version 2.3. optparse is a more convenient, flexible, and powerful library for parsing command-line options than the old getopt module. optparse uses a more declarative style of command-line parsing: you create an instance of OptionParser, populate it with options, and parse the command line. optparse allows users to specify options in the conventional GNU/POSIX syntax, and additionally generates usage and help messages for you. Here’s an example of using optparse in a simple script: from optparse import OptionParser
[...]
parser = OptionParser()
parser.add_option("-f", "--file", dest="filename",
help="write report to FILE", metavar="FILE")
parser.add_option("-q", "--quiet",
action="store_false", dest="verbose", default=True,
help="don't print status messages to stdout")
(options, args) = parser.parse_args()
With these few lines of code, users of your script can now do the “usual thing” on the command-line, for example: <yourscript> --file=outfile -q As it parses the command line, optparse sets attributes of the options object returned by parse_args() based on user-supplied command-line values. When parse_args() returns from parsing this command line, options.filename will be "outfile" and options.verbose will be False. optparse supports both long and short options, allows short options to be merged together, and allows options to be associated with their arguments in a variety of ways. Thus, the following command lines are all equivalent to the above example: <yourscript> -f outfile --quiet <yourscript> --quiet --file outfile <yourscript> -q -foutfile <yourscript> -qfoutfile Additionally, users can run one of <yourscript> -h <yourscript> --help and optparse will print out a brief summary of your script’s options: usage: <yourscript> [options] options: -h, --help show this help message and exit -f FILE, --file=FILE write report to FILE -q, --quiet don't print status messages to stdout where the value of yourscript is determined at runtime (normally from sys.argv[0]). Background¶optparse was explicitly designed to encourage the creation of programs with straightforward, conventional command-line interfaces. To that end, it supports only the most common command-line syntax and semantics conventionally used under Unix. If you are unfamiliar with these conventions, read this section to acquaint yourself with them. Terminology¶
For example, consider this hypothetical command-line: prog -v --report /tmp/report.txt foo bar "-v" and "--report" are both options. Assuming that --report takes one argument, "/tmp/report.txt" is an option argument. "foo" and "bar" are positional arguments. What are options for?¶Options are used to provide extra information to tune or customize the execution of a program. In case it wasn’t clear, options are usually optional. A program should be able to run just fine with no options whatsoever. (Pick a random program from the Unix or GNU toolsets. Can it run without any options at all and still make sense? The main exceptions are find, tar, and dd—all of which are mutant oddballs that have been rightly criticized for their non-standard syntax and confusing interfaces.) Lots of people want their programs to have “required options”. Think about it. If it’s required, then it’s not optional! If there is a piece of information that your program absolutely requires in order to run successfully, that’s what positional arguments are for. As an example of good command-line interface design, consider the humble cp utility, for copying files. It doesn’t make much sense to try to copy files without supplying a destination and at least one source. Hence, cp fails if you run it with no arguments. However, it has a flexible, useful syntax that does not require any options at all: cp SOURCE DEST cp SOURCE ... DEST-DIR You can get pretty far with just that. Most cp implementations provide a bunch of options to tweak exactly how the files are copied: you can preserve mode and modification time, avoid following symlinks, ask before clobbering existing files, etc. But none of this distracts from the core mission of cp, which is to copy either one file to another, or several files to another directory. What are positional arguments for?¶Positional arguments are for those pieces of information that your program absolutely, positively requires to run. A good user interface should have as few absolute requirements as possible. If your program requires 17 distinct pieces of information in order to run successfully, it doesn’t much matter how you get that information from the user—most people will give up and walk away before they successfully run the program. This applies whether the user interface is a command-line, a configuration file, or a GUI: if you make that many demands on your users, most of them will simply give up. In short, try to minimize the amount of information that users are absolutely required to supply—use sensible defaults whenever possible. Of course, you also want to make your programs reasonably flexible. That’s what options are for. Again, it doesn’t matter if they are entries in a config file, widgets in the “Preferences” dialog of a GUI, or command-line options—the more options you implement, the more flexible your program is, and the more complicated its implementation becomes. Too much flexibility has drawbacks as well, of course; too many options can overwhelm users and make your code much harder to maintain. Tutorial¶While optparse is quite flexible and powerful, it’s also straightforward to use in most cases. This section covers the code patterns that are common to any optparse-based program. First, you need to import the OptionParser class; then, early in the main program, create an OptionParser instance: from optparse import OptionParser
[...]
parser = OptionParser()
Then you can start defining options. The basic syntax is: parser.add_option(opt_str, ...,
attr=value, ...)
Each option has one or more option strings, such as "-f" or "--file", and several option attributes that tell optparse what to expect and what to do when it encounters that option on the command line. Typically, each option will have one short option string and one long option string, e.g.: parser.add_option("-f", "--file", ...)
You’re free to define as many short option strings and as many long option strings as you like (including zero), as long as there is at least one option string overall. The option strings passed to add_option() are effectively labels for the option defined by that call. For brevity, we will frequently refer to encountering an option on the command line; in reality, optparse encounters option strings and looks up options from them. Once all of your options are defined, instruct optparse to parse your program’s command line: (options, args) = parser.parse_args()
(If you like, you can pass a custom argument list to parse_args(), but that’s rarely necessary: by default it uses sys.argv[1:].) parse_args() returns two values:
This tutorial section only covers the four most important option attributes: action, type, dest (destination), and help. Of these, action is the most fundamental. Understanding option actions¶Actions tell optparse what to do when it encounters an option on the command line. There is a fixed set of actions hard-coded into optparse; adding new actions is an advanced topic covered in section Extending optparse. Most actions tell optparse to store a value in some variable—for example, take a string from the command line and store it in an attribute of options. If you don’t specify an option action, optparse defaults to store. The store action¶The most common option action is store, which tells optparse to take the next argument (or the remainder of the current argument), ensure that it is of the correct type, and store it to your chosen destination. For example: parser.add_option("-f", "--file",
action="store", type="string", dest="filename")
Now let’s make up a fake command line and ask optparse to parse it: args = ["-f", "foo.txt"]
(options, args) = parser.parse_args(args)
When optparse sees the option string "-f", it consumes the next argument, "foo.txt", and stores it in options.filename. So, after this call to parse_args(), options.filename is "foo.txt". Some other option types supported by optparse are int and float. Here’s an option that expects an integer argument: parser.add_option("-n", type="int", dest="num")
Note that this option has no long option string, which is perfectly acceptable. Also, there’s no explicit action, since the default is store. Let’s parse another fake command-line. This time, we’ll jam the option argument right up against the option: since "-n42" (one argument) is equivalent to "-n 42" (two arguments), the code (options, args) = parser.parse_args(["-n42"])
print options.num
will print "42". If you don’t specify a type, optparse assumes string. Combined with the fact that the default action is store, that means our first example can be a lot shorter: parser.add_option("-f", "--file", dest="filename")
If you don’t supply a destination, optparse figures out a sensible default from the option strings: if the first long option string is "--foo-bar", then the default destination is foo_bar. If there are no long option strings, optparse looks at the first short option string: the default destination for "-f" is f. optparse also includes built-in long and complex types. Adding types is covered in section Extending optparse. Handling boolean (flag) options¶Flag options—set a variable to true or false when a particular option is seen —are quite common. optparse supports them with two separate actions, store_true and store_false. For example, you might have a verbose flag that is turned on with "-v" and off with "-q": parser.add_option("-v", action="store_true", dest="verbose")
parser.add_option("-q", action="store_false", dest="verbose")
Here we have two different options with the same destination, which is perfectly OK. (It just means you have to be a bit careful when setting default values— see below.) When optparse encounters "-v" on the command line, it sets options.verbose to True; when it encounters "-q", options.verbose is set to False. Other actions¶Some other actions supported by optparse are:
These are covered in section Reference Guide, Reference Guide and section Option Callbacks. Default values¶All of the above examples involve setting some variable (the “destination”) when certain command-line options are seen. What happens if those options are never seen? Since we didn’t supply any defaults, they are all set to None. This is usually fine, but sometimes you want more control. optparse lets you supply a default value for each destination, which is assigned before the command line is parsed. First, consider the verbose/quiet example. If we want optparse to set verbose to True unless "-q" is seen, then we can do this: parser.add_option("-v", action="store_true", dest="verbose", default=True)
parser.add_option("-q", action="store_false", dest="verbose")
Since default values apply to the destination rather than to any particular option, and these two options happen to have the same destination, this is exactly equivalent: parser.add_option("-v", action="store_true", dest="verbose")
parser.add_option("-q", action="store_false", dest="verbose", default=True)
Consider this: parser.add_option("-v", action="store_true", dest="verbose", default=False)
parser.add_option("-q", action="store_false", dest="verbose", default=True)
Again, the default value for verbose will be True: the last default value supplied for any particular destination is the one that counts. A clearer way to specify default values is the set_defaults() method of OptionParser, which you can call at any time before calling parse_args(): parser.set_defaults(verbose=True)
parser.add_option(...)
(options, args) = parser.parse_args()
As before, the last value specified for a given option destination is the one that counts. For clarity, try to use one method or the other of setting default values, not both. Generating help¶optparse‘s ability to generate help and usage text automatically is useful for creating user-friendly command-line interfaces. All you have to do is supply a help value for each option, and optionally a short usage message for your whole program. Here’s an OptionParser populated with user-friendly (documented) options: usage = "usage: %prog [options] arg1 arg2"
parser = OptionParser(usage=usage)
parser.add_option("-v", "--verbose",
action="store_true", dest="verbose", default=True,
help="make lots of noise [default]")
parser.add_option("-q", "--quiet",
action="store_false", dest="verbose",
help="be vewwy quiet (I'm hunting wabbits)")
parser.add_option("-f", "--filename",
metavar="FILE", help="write output to FILE"),
parser.add_option("-m", "--mode",
default="intermediate",
help="interaction mode: novice, intermediate, "
"or expert [default: %default]")
If optparse encounters either "-h" or "--help" on the command-line, or if you just call parser.print_help(), it prints the following to standard output: usage: <yourscript> [options] arg1 arg2 options: -h, --help show this help message and exit -v, --verbose make lots of noise [default] -q, --quiet be vewwy quiet (I'm hunting wabbits) -f FILE, --filename=FILE write output to FILE -m MODE, --mode=MODE interaction mode: novice, intermediate, or expert [default: intermediate] (If the help output is triggered by a help option, optparse exits after printing the help text.) There’s a lot going on here to help optparse generate the best possible help message:
New in version 2.4: Options that have a default value can include %default in the help string—optparse will replace it with str() of the option’s default value. If an option has no default value (or the default value is None), %default expands to none. When dealing with many options, it is convenient to group these options for better help output. An OptionParser can contain several option groups, each of which can contain several options. Continuing with the parser defined above, adding an OptionGroup to a parser is easy: group = OptionGroup(parser, "Dangerous Options",
"Caution: use these options at your own risk. "
"It is believed that some of them bite.")
group.add_option("-g", action="store_true", help="Group option.")
parser.add_option_group(group)
This would result in the following help output: usage: [options] arg1 arg2 options: -h, --help show this help message and exit -v, --verbose make lots of noise [default] -q, --quiet be vewwy quiet (I'm hunting wabbits) -fFILE, --file=FILE write output to FILE -mMODE, --mode=MODE interaction mode: one of 'novice', 'intermediate' [default], 'expert' Dangerous Options: Caution: use of these options is at your own risk. It is believed that some of them bite. -g Group option. Printing a version string¶Similar to the brief usage string, optparse can also print a version string for your program. You have to supply the string as the version argument to OptionParser: parser = OptionParser(usage="%prog [-f] [-q]", version="%prog 1.0")
"%prog" is expanded just like it is in usage. Apart from that, version can contain anything you like. When you supply it, optparse automatically adds a "--version" option to your parser. If it encounters this option on the command line, it expands your version string (by replacing "%prog"), prints it to stdout, and exits. For example, if your script is called /usr/bin/foo: $ /usr/bin/foo --version foo 1.0 How optparse handles errors¶There are two broad classes of errors that optparse has to worry about: programmer errors and user errors. Programmer errors are usually erroneous calls to parser.add_option(), e.g. invalid option strings, unknown option attributes, missing option attributes, etc. These are dealt with in the usual way: raise an exception (either optparse.OptionError or TypeError) and let the program crash. Handling user errors is much more important, since they are guaranteed to happen no matter how stable your code is. optparse can automatically detect some user errors, such as bad option arguments (passing "-n 4x" where -n takes an integer argument), missing arguments ("-n" at the end of the command line, where -n takes an argument of any type). Also, you can call parser.error() to signal an application-defined error condition: (options, args) = parser.parse_args()
[...]
if options.a and options.b:
parser.error("options -a and -b are mutually exclusive")
In either case, optparse handles the error the same way: it prints the program’s usage message and an error message to standard error and exits with error status 2. Consider the first example above, where the user passes "4x" to an option that takes an integer: $ /usr/bin/foo -n 4x usage: foo [options] foo: error: option -n: invalid integer value: '4x' Or, where the user fails to pass a value at all: $ /usr/bin/foo -n usage: foo [options] foo: error: -n option requires an argument optparse-generated error messages take care always to mention the option involved in the error; be sure to do the same when calling parser.error() from your application code. If optparse‘s default error-handling behaviour does not suit your needs, you’ll need to subclass OptionParser and override its exit() and/or error() methods. Putting it all together¶Here’s what optparse-based scripts usually look like: from optparse import OptionParser
[...]
def main():
usage = "usage: %prog [options] arg"
parser = OptionParser(usage)
parser.add_option("-f", "--file", dest="filename",
help="read data from FILENAME")
parser.add_option("-v", "--verbose",
action="store_true", dest="verbose")
parser.add_option("-q", "--quiet",
action="store_false", dest="verbose")
[...]
(options, args) = parser.parse_args()
if len(args) != 1:
parser.error("incorrect number of arguments")
if options.verbose:
print "reading %s..." % options.filename
[...]
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
Reference Guide¶Creating the parser¶The first step in using optparse is to create an OptionParser instance: parser = OptionParser(...)
The OptionParser constructor has no required arguments, but a number of optional keyword arguments. You should always pass them as keyword arguments, i.e. do not rely on the order in which the arguments are declared.
Populating the parser¶There are several ways to populate the parser with options. The preferred way is by using OptionParser.add_option(), as shown in section Tutorial. add_option() can be called in one of two ways:
The other alternative is to pass a list of pre-constructed Option instances to the OptionParser constructor, as in: option_list = [
make_option("-f", "--filename",
action="store", type="string", dest="filename"),
make_option("-q", "--quiet",
action="store_false", dest="verbose"),
]
parser = OptionParser(option_list=option_list)
(make_option() is a factory function for creating Option instances; currently it is an alias for the Option constructor. A future version of optparse may split Option into several classes, and make_option() will pick the right class to instantiate. Do not instantiate Option directly.) Defining options¶Each Option instance represents a set of synonymous command-line option strings, e.g. -f and --file. You can specify any number of short or long option strings, but you must specify at least one overall option string. The canonical way to create an Option instance is with the add_option() method of OptionParser: parser.add_option(opt_str[, ...], attr=value, ...) To define an option with only a short option string: parser.add_option("-f", attr=value, ...)
And to define an option with only a long option string: parser.add_option("--foo", attr=value, ...)
The keyword arguments define attributes of the new Option object. The most important option attribute is action, and it largely determines which other attributes are relevant or required. If you pass irrelevant option attributes, or fail to pass required ones, optparse raises an OptionError exception explaining your mistake. An option’s action determines what optparse does when it encounters this option on the command-line. The standard option actions hard-coded into optparse are:
(If you don’t supply an action, the default is store. For this action, you may also supply type and dest option attributes; see below.) As you can see, most actions involve storing or updating a value somewhere. optparse always creates a special object for this, conventionally called options (it happens to be an instance of optparse.Values). Option arguments (and various other values) are stored as attributes of this object, according to the dest (destination) option attribute. For example, when you call parser.parse_args()
one of the first things optparse does is create the options object: options = Values()
If one of the options in this parser is defined with parser.add_option("-f", "--file", action="store", type="string", dest="filename")
and the command-line being parsed includes any of the following: -ffoo -f foo --file=foo --file foo then optparse, on seeing this option, will do the equivalent of options.filename = "foo"
The type and dest option attributes are almost as important as action, but action is the only one that makes sense for all options. Standard option actions¶The various option actions all have slightly different requirements and effects. Most actions have several relevant option attributes which you may specify to guide optparse‘s behaviour; a few have required attributes, which you must specify for any option using that action.
Option attributes¶The following option attributes may be passed as keyword arguments to parser.add_option(). If you pass an option attribute that is not relevant to a particular option, or fail to pass a required option attribute, optparse raises OptionError.
Standard option types¶optparse has six built-in option types: string, int, long, choice, float and complex. If you need to add new option types, see section Extending optparse. Arguments to string options are not checked or converted in any way: the text on the command line is stored in the destination (or passed to the callback) as-is. Integer arguments (type int or long) are parsed as follows:
The conversion is done by calling either int() or long() with the appropriate base (2, 8, 10, or 16). If this fails, so will optparse, although with a more useful error message. float and complex option arguments are converted directly with float() and complex(), with similar error-handling. choice options are a subtype of string options. The choices option attribute (a sequence of strings) defines the set of allowed option arguments. optparse.check_choice() compares user-supplied option arguments against this master list and raises OptionValueError if an invalid string is given. Parsing arguments¶The whole point of creating and populating an OptionParser is to call its parse_args() method: (options, args) = parser.parse_args(args=None, values=None)
where the input parameters are
and the return values are
The most common usage is to supply neither keyword argument. If you supply options, it will be modified with repeated setattr() calls (roughly one for every option argument stored to an option destination) and returned by parse_args(). If parse_args() encounters any errors in the argument list, it calls the OptionParser’s error() method with an appropriate end-user error message. This ultimately terminates your process with an exit status of 2 (the traditional Unix exit status for command-line errors). Querying and manipulating your option parser¶The default behavior of the option parser can be customized slightly, and you can also poke around your option parser and see what’s there. OptionParser provides several methods to help you out:
Conflicts between options¶If you’re not careful, it’s easy to define options with conflicting option strings: parser.add_option("-n", "--dry-run", ...)
[...]
parser.add_option("-n", "--noisy", ...)
(This is particularly true if you’ve defined your own OptionParser subclass with some standard options.) Every time you add an option, optparse checks for conflicts with existing options. If it finds any, it invokes the current conflict-handling mechanism. You can set the conflict-handling mechanism either in the constructor: parser = OptionParser(..., conflict_handler=handler)
or with a separate call: parser.set_conflict_handler(handler)
The available conflict handlers are:
As an example, let’s define an OptionParser that resolves conflicts intelligently and add conflicting options to it: parser = OptionParser(conflict_handler="resolve")
parser.add_option("-n", "--dry-run", ..., help="do no harm")
parser.add_option("-n", "--noisy", ..., help="be noisy")
At this point, optparse detects that a previously-added option is already using the "-n" option string. Since conflict_handler is "resolve", it resolves the situation by removing "-n" from the earlier option’s list of option strings. Now "--dry-run" is the only way for the user to activate that option. If the user asks for help, the help message will reflect that: options: --dry-run do no harm [...] -n, --noisy be noisy It’s possible to whittle away the option strings for a previously-added option until there are none left, and the user has no way of invoking that option from the command-line. In that case, optparse removes that option completely, so it doesn’t show up in help text or anywhere else. Carrying on with our existing OptionParser: parser.add_option("--dry-run", ..., help="new dry-run option")
At this point, the original -n/--dry-run option is no longer accessible, so optparse removes it, leaving this help text: options: [...] -n, --noisy be noisy --dry-run new dry-run option Cleanup¶OptionParser instances have several cyclic references. This should not be a problem for Python’s garbage collector, but you may wish to break the cyclic references explicitly by calling destroy() on your OptionParser once you are done with it. This is particularly useful in long-running applications where large object graphs are reachable from your OptionParser. Other methods¶OptionParser supports several other public methods:
Option Callbacks¶When optparse‘s built-in actions and types aren’t quite enough for your needs, you have two choices: extend optparse or define a callback option. Extending optparse is more general, but overkill for a lot of simple cases. Quite often a simple callback is all you need. There are two steps to defining a callback option:
Defining a callback option¶As always, the easiest way to define a callback option is by using the parser.add_option() method. Apart from action, the only option attribute you must specify is callback, the function to call: parser.add_option("-c", action="callback", callback=my_callback)
callback is a function (or other callable object), so you must have already defined my_callback() when you create this callback option. In this simple case, optparse doesn’t even know if -c takes any arguments, which usually means that the option takes no arguments—the mere presence of -c on the command-line is all it needs to know. In some circumstances, though, you might want your callback to consume an arbitrary number of command-line arguments. This is where writing callbacks gets tricky; it’s covered later in this section. optparse always passes four particular arguments to your callback, and it will only pass additional arguments if you specify them via callback_args and callback_kwargs. Thus, the minimal callback function signature is: def my_callback(option, opt, value, parser): The four arguments to a callback are described below. There are several other option attributes that you can supply when you define a callback option:
How callbacks are called¶All callbacks are called as follows: func(option, opt_str, value, parser, *args, **kwargs)
where
Raising errors in a callback¶The callback function should raise OptionValueError if there are any problems with the option or its argument(s). optparse catches this and terminates the program, printing the error message you supply to stderr. Your message should be clear, concise, accurate, and mention the option at fault. Otherwise, the user will have a hard time figuring out what he did wrong. Callback example 1: trivial callback¶Here’s an example of a callback option that takes no arguments, and simply records that the option was seen: def record_foo_seen(option, opt_str, value, parser):
parser.saw_foo = True
parser.add_option("--foo", action="callback", callback=record_foo_seen)
Of course, you could do that with the store_true action. Callback example 2: check option order¶Here’s a slightly more interesting example: record the fact that "-a" is seen, but blow up if it comes after "-b" in the command-line. def check_order(option, opt_str, value, parser):
if parser.values.b:
raise OptionValueError("can't use -a after -b")
parser.values.a = 1
[...]
parser.add_option("-a", action="callback", callback=check_order)
parser.add_option("-b", action="store_true", dest="b")
Callback example 3: check option order (generalized)¶If you want to re-use this callback for several similar options (set a flag, but blow up if "-b" has already been seen), it needs a bit of work: the error message and the flag that it sets must be generalized. def check_order(option, opt_str, value, parser):
if parser.values.b:
raise OptionValueError("can't use %s after -b" % opt_str)
setattr(parser.values, option.dest, 1)
[...]
parser.add_option("-a", action="callback", callback=check_order, dest='a')
parser.add_option("-b", action="store_true", dest="b")
parser.add_option("-c", action="callback", callback=check_order, dest='c')
Callback example 4: check arbitrary condition¶Of course, you could put any condition in there—you’re not limited to checking the values of already-defined options. For example, if you have options that should not be called when the moon is full, all you have to do is this: def check_moon(option, opt_str, value, parser):
if is_moon_full():
raise OptionValueError("%s option invalid when moon is full"
% opt_str)
setattr(parser.values, option.dest, 1)
[...]
parser.add_option("--foo",
action="callback", callback=check_moon, dest="foo")
(The definition of is_moon_full() is left as an exercise for the reader.) Callback example 5: fixed arguments¶Things get slightly more interesting when you define callback options that take a fixed number of arguments. Specifying that a callback option takes arguments is similar to defining a store or append option: if you define type, then the option takes one argument that must be convertible to that type; if you further define nargs, then the option takes nargs arguments. Here’s an example that just emulates the standard store action: def store_value(option, opt_str, value, parser):
setattr(parser.values, option.dest, value)
[...]
parser.add_option("--foo",
action="callback", callback=store_value,
type="int", nargs=3, dest="foo")
Note that optparse takes care of consuming 3 arguments and converting them to integers for you; all you have to do is store them. (Or whatever; obviously you don’t need a callback for this example.) Callback example 6: variable arguments¶Things get hairy when you want an option to take a variable number of arguments. For this case, you must write a callback, as optparse doesn’t provide any built-in capabilities for it. And you have to deal with certain intricacies of conventional Unix command-line parsing that optparse normally handles for you. In particular, callbacks should implement the conventional rules for bare "--" and "-" arguments:
If you want an option that takes a variable number of arguments, there are several subtle, tricky issues to worry about. The exact implementation you choose will be based on which trade-offs you’re willing to make for your application (which is why optparse doesn’t support this sort of thing directly). Nevertheless, here’s a stab at a callback for an option with variable arguments: def vararg_callback(option, opt_str, value, parser):
assert value is None
done = 0
value = []
rargs = parser.rargs
while rargs:
arg = rargs[0]
# Stop if we hit an arg like "--foo", "-a", "-fx", "--file=f",
# etc. Note that this also stops on "-3" or "-3.0", so if
# your option takes numeric values, you will need to handle
# this.
if ((arg[:2] == "--" and len(arg) > 2) or
(arg[:1] == "-" and len(arg) > 1 and arg[1] != "-")):
break
else:
value.append(arg)
del rargs[0]
setattr(parser.values, option.dest, value)
[...]
parser.add_option("-c", "--callback", dest="vararg_attr",
action="callback", callback=vararg_callback)
The main weakness with this particular implementation is that negative numbers in the arguments following "-c" will be interpreted as further options (probably causing an error), rather than as arguments to "-c". Fixing this is left as an exercise for the reader. Extending optparse¶Since the two major controlling factors in how optparse interprets command-line options are the action and type of each option, the most likely direction of extension is to add new actions and new types. Adding new types¶To add new types, you need to define your own subclass of optparse‘s Option class. This class has a couple of attributes that define optparse‘s types: TYPES and TYPE_CHECKER. TYPES is a tuple of type names; in your subclass, simply define a new tuple TYPES that builds on the standard one. TYPE_CHECKER is a dictionary mapping type names to type-checking functions. A type-checking function has the following signature: def check_mytype(option, opt, value) where option is an Option instance, opt is an option string (e.g., "-f"), and value is the string from the command line that must be checked and converted to your desired type. check_mytype() should return an object of the hypothetical type mytype. The value returned by a type-checking function will wind up in the OptionValues instance returned by OptionParser.parse_args(), or be passed to a callback as the value parameter. Your type-checking function should raise OptionValueError if it encounters any problems. OptionValueError takes a single string argument, which is passed as-is to OptionParser‘s error() method, which in turn prepends the program name and the string "error:" and prints everything to stderr before terminating the process. Here’s a silly example that demonstrates adding a complex option type to parse Python-style complex numbers on the command line. (This is even sillier than it used to be, because optparse 1.3 added built-in support for complex numbers, but never mind.) First, the necessary imports: from copy import copy
from optparse import Option, OptionValueError
You need to define your type-checker first, since it’s referred to later (in the TYPE_CHECKER class attribute of your Option subclass): def check_complex(option, opt, value):
try:
return complex(value)
except ValueError:
raise OptionValueError(
"option %s: invalid complex value: %r" % (opt, value))
Finally, the Option subclass: class MyOption (Option):
TYPES = Option.TYPES + ("complex",)
TYPE_CHECKER = copy(Option.TYPE_CHECKER)
TYPE_CHECKER["complex"] = check_complex
(If we didn’t make a copy() of Option.TYPE_CHECKER, we would end up modifying the TYPE_CHECKER attribute of optparse‘s Option class. This being Python, nothing stops you from doing that except good manners and common sense.) That’s it! Now you can write a script that uses the new option type just like any other optparse-based script, except you have to instruct your OptionParser to use MyOption instead of Option: parser = OptionParser(option_class=MyOption)
parser.add_option("-c", type="complex")
Alternately, you can build your own option list and pass it to OptionParser; if you don’t use add_option() in the above way, you don’t need to tell OptionParser which option class to use: option_list = [MyOption("-c", action="store", type="complex", dest="c")]
parser = OptionParser(option_list=option_list)
Adding new actions¶Adding new actions is a bit trickier, because you have to understand that optparse has a couple of classifications for actions:
These are overlapping sets: some default “store” actions are store, store_const, append, and count, while the default “typed” actions are store, append, and callback. When you add an action, you need to categorize it by listing it in at least one of the following class attributes of Option (all are lists of strings):
In order to actually implement your new action, you must override Option’s take_action() method and add a case that recognizes your action. For example, let’s add an extend action. This is similar to the standard append action, but instead of taking a single value from the command-line and appending it to an existing list, extend will take multiple values in a single comma-delimited string, and extend an existing list with them. That is, if "--names" is an extend option of type string, the command line --names=foo,bar --names blah --names ding,dong would result in a list ["foo", "bar", "blah", "ding", "dong"]
Again we define a subclass of Option: class MyOption (Option):
ACTIONS = Option.ACTIONS + ("extend",)
STORE_ACTIONS = Option.STORE_ACTIONS + ("extend",)
TYPED_ACTIONS = Option.TYPED_ACTIONS + ("extend",)
ALWAYS_TYPED_ACTIONS = Option.ALWAYS_TYPED_ACTIONS + ("extend",)
def take_action(self, action, dest, opt, value, values, parser):
if action == "extend":
lvalue = value.split(",")
values.ensure_value(dest, []).extend(lvalue)
else:
Option.take_action(
self, action, dest, opt, value, values, parser)
Features of note:
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